Nanotechnology based electrochemical (bio)sensors for insulin/hormone sensing

Abstract

Insulin is an essential biomarker, mainly found in the bloodstream and controls carbohydrate metabolism. Biosensors are contemporary engineering vehicles that can be usually employed for assorted technological implementations. Biosensors are utilized in different areas, including the medical and environmental sciences and food industries. Electrochemical biosensors are taken into account a favorable vehicle to monitor many molecules and biomarkers, which are precious resources for the early diagnosis of diseases. The design and evolution of biosensor systems have received a focus point for scientists in recent years through the agency of the wide range of sensor implementations, such some metabolic biomarkers such as insulin. In this study, we have abstracted the principles, selectivity, sensitivity, detection limits, and linearity range as well as thesuperiorities and restrictions of the studies about biosensors forinsulin determination in recent years. © 2025 FAR Publishing Limited