Feasibility and strategic potential of thermal desalination systems in Turkey

Abstract

The efficient use of water resources is under great pressure due to population growth, industrialization, and climate change. Although Turkey is surrounded by seas, its limited freshwater resources place it in the category of water-stressed countries. In this context, alternative solutions such as desalination have strategic importance. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of thermal desalination systems for Turkey. Unlike previous studies that focus mainly on general desalination trends, this paper specifically analyzes Turkey’s geographical, climatic, and energy infrastructure conditions. It highlights the potential of integrating renewable energy sources and industrial waste heat into desalination systems to reduce costs and carbon emissions. The study also discusses region-specific challenges such as brine management and ecological impacts in the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas. A comparative assessment of Multi Stage Flash (MSF), Multi-Effect Distillation (MED), and Vapor Compression (VC) technologies is provided, together with an economic analysis based on solar- and natural gas–assisted systems. The findings underline that renewable energy–assisted MED systems offer the most promising solution for Turkey. Strategically, the paper emphasizes the need for government incentives, pilot projects, and stronger integration of energy–water policies. By combining technical evaluation with strategic recommendations, the study contributes a novel framework for decision-makers seeking to ensure long-term water security in Turkey.