Carbon nanomaterial-based sensors for the development of sensitive sensor platform

Abstract

Carbon nanomaterial-based sensors have been noted by scientists as highly crucial for the sensitive detection of various biologicals, foods, pharmaceuticals, pesticide compounds, and metals in the last three decades. Carbon sensors, especially with C60 fullerene and carbon nanotubes discovered in the 1985s and 1991s, respectively, revolutionized the production of electrochemical sensors. In the 2000s, the discovery of single, double, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, together with their outstanding performances such as thermal, mechanical, electronic, and catalytic, attracted great attention for their potential in the design of sensing electrochemical sensors for the analysis of innumerable compounds in natural samples. Moreover, with the discovery of graphene, known as monolayer carbon nanotube, unique and ultrasensitive carbon sensors have been developed. With graphene and carbon dots, other carbon-based indicator materials, many electroactive substances have been successfully analyzed even in biological fluids or complex environmental samples. In addition to the extraordinary properties of carbon materials, it was possible to determine numerous compounds at nanomolar levels by using carbon treated with polymers, nanoparticles, clays, and many materials with catalytic properties. Consequently, carbon nanomaterial-based sensors enable selective, sensitive, repeatable, and reliable analysis of many analytes in a very sensitive level on wide sensor platforms using bare or modified carbon nanomaterials with unique properties together with the developing technology. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.